【杜兰说AI】2024十大影响人类命运的科学发展：两项“不死癌症”被攻克丶还有一项中国科学家研究
2025年01月03日 11:48
2024年已经接近尾声，
今天来为大家盘点一下这一年的十大科学突破。
其中第7个是来自中国科学家的发现，
第9个是我们的老熟人马斯克带来的。
首先我们要介绍的是科技突破的冠军奖项，
来自人类向艾滋病的正式宣战——
一种长效艾滋病预防针剂。
一年两针，
就几乎能100%阻断HIV感染。
长久以来，
艾滋病都是一种不可治愈的严重传染病，
一经感染就要终生服药，
而且仍然可能会因为
药物的副作用或并发症
导致死亡。
这是由於艾滋病毒是一种单链RNA病毒，
在人体内平均2天就会变异为新生病毒，
这种极高的变异率
也导致艾滋病治疗药物的研发难度极大。
当前最有效的阻断药，
需要在高危行为後的2小时内服用，
时间越长
阻断成功率越低，
还要连吃28天，
对人体肝脏和肾脏产生不小的副作用。
而现在，
美国生物制药公司吉利德研发出了一种
名为lenacapavir的抗HIV长效注射剂。
研究团队於今年6月在非洲开展了一项
超过5000人的观察实验，
结果发现，
这种药物注射一次後，
就能在半年内将艾滋病毒的感染力降至0。
如果这种药物推广开来，
最大的受益人就是那些
有职业暴露风险的一线人员，
比如医护人员、缉毒警察等等。
第二项突破同样来自医学领域，
针对的是号称“不死癌症”的红斑狼疮。
准确的说，
是以红斑狼疮、类风湿性关节炎、
强直性脊柱炎为代表的
自身免疫性疾病。
所谓“自身免疫性疾病”简单来说就是“自己打自己”，
本来负责保护身体的免疫系统突然造反，
开始毫无理由地攻击身体其他器官。
现有的治疗方法通常是以抑制免疫系统为主，
虽然抑制了免疫系统的攻击，
但也同时失去了免疫系统的保护，
人体会产生无可避免的虚弱，
也无法完全治愈这类疾病。
但现在
德国科学家采用了一种名为
嵌合抗原受体T细胞（CAR-T）的新疗法，
能够利用免疫细胞治疗自身免疫疾病，
在临床上使患者达到“治愈”或者“有效控制”的目标。
第三项科技突破来自星辰大海，
2021年NASA发射的韦伯望远镜，
今年已经走到了足够远的地方，
观察到了很多宇宙诞生之初的星系。
这些星系比天文学理论预估的要多1000倍，
这一发现改写了人们对於早期宇宙演化的认知，
对於人类探索宇宙起源有极大的意义。
而第四项科学突破就接地气多了，
美国公司GreenLight Biosciences
研发出了两种特殊的“杀虫剂”，
一种是基於RNA干扰技术的喷雾剂，
针对特定害虫的基因进行设计，
能做到只精准打击目标，
几乎不损伤环境和其他生物。
另一种则是转基因玉米，
人吃了没事，
害虫吃了就死。
现在，很多害虫已经对杀虫剂产生了抗性，
每年在全球范围内造成数十亿美元的农作物损失。
而这种新型杀虫方法
现在已经被美国国家环境保护局（EPA）批准，
预计将对现状产生极大改善。
第五项科学突破需要我们睁大眼睛，
将视线投入微观世界。
就在今年，
科学家发现了一种全新的细胞结构，
叫做硝基体（Nitroplast），
它与我们熟悉的线粒体、叶绿体一样，
都是细胞中具有特定形态结构和功能的微器官，
学名叫“细胞器”。
细胞器就像是细胞内部的一个个小工厂，
不同工厂负责不同的工作。
打个比方，
线粒体是负责生产能量的“能量工厂”，
叶绿体是转化能量的“太阳能电池板”，
而硝基体就是一座“转化工厂”，
负责将空气中的氮固定下来，
然後转化为植物生长所需的氨。
在当前已知的生命演化史中，
每一种细胞器的出现
都意味着生命的一次进化，
硝基体这一全新的细胞器的出现，
或许也将影响地球生命演化的方向，
还可能使我们的生活发生翻天覆地的变化。
比如，如果将硝基体的这种“固氮机制”推广到农业领域，
那麽未来的农作物就可以不再依赖外部的氮肥，
自给自足地生长。
第六项科学突破
来自我们生活中相当熟悉的一个概念——磁。
比如我每到世界各地都会购买的冰箱贴，
贴满了整整一个大冰箱，
它在物理学上属於“铁磁体”，
这种磁体内部的电子自旋整齐划一，
就像一个排列整齐的队伍，
队员们全都指向同一个方向，
因此也就产生了强大的磁场，
这就是铁磁体能吸住金属的原因。
另一种能长期保持磁性的材料叫做“反铁磁体”，
它的电子队伍不断自旋，
队员们指向的方向也是一半向上，一半向下，
结果就是彼此抵消，相互对抗，
对外看起来不具有磁性，
但却拥有内部磁场。
这种特性使得反铁磁体常常被应用於
数据存储、微波器件和量子计算等领域，
比如自旋扭矩振荡器、二极管等等。
百年以来，
铁磁体和反铁磁体都被认为是唯二的两种永磁体，
就是“能长期保持磁性的材料”。
但在今年，
科学家们发现了第三种永磁体，交错磁体（Altermagnet）。
这种材料的电子队伍既不整齐划一，也不互相抵抗，
而像是一群舞者，
每个舞者都按照自己的节奏来跳舞，
这就使得它产生了一种独特的强自旋现象。
普通状态下，
交错磁体看起来和反铁磁体一样没有外部磁场，
但当电流通过时，
它又像铁磁体那样拥有强大的磁场。
科学家们认为，这种全新的材料
能帮助我们制造更高效的计算机硬盘，
甚至是全新的“自旋电子计算机”，
这种计算机能利用电子的自旋
而非电流来进行运算，
能让信息的存储和处理更加紧凑和高效。
除此之外，
磁性材料本就是电机行业的核心，
涉及汽车、家电、轨道交通、电子信息设备等多个领域，
交错磁体的发现
不仅将为已有领域带来革命性的新应用，
还可能催生全新的技术领域。
第七项来自中国科学家的一项发现，
今年年初，
中国科学院的朱茂炎团队
在距今约16.4亿年前的地层中
发现了一种多细胞真核生物化石。
所谓真核生物是包括所有植物、动物和真菌在内的
将DNA封装在细胞核内的生物。
科学家们通常认为，
真核生物以单个细胞的形式存在了约10亿年，
而在距今大概10亿年前，
多细胞体的真核生物开始出现，
这意味着更加覆杂的生物体演化的开始，
也是整个地球的生命进化史中
一个相当重要的时间节点。
而现在，
中国科学家的发现将这个节点往前推了5亿年，
这既为地球生命的历史解开了新的一页，
也将为医学领域提供新的可能。
比如现在所有的癌症，
本质上都是一种细胞失控生长的现象，
而理解生命在早期阶段
如何从单细胞生物
发展到多细胞生物，
多细胞之间又是如何协作、如何分化，
也将为科学家开发新型的生物疗法提供思路。
第八项是一项地质学研究。
长久以来，
科学家认为地球上的大陆
就像一个巨大而缓慢变化的拼图，
板块构造的力量不停撕裂和移动它们，
最终形成了现在的七大洲八大洋。
在过去，
科学家们认为地球只会在局部地区进行 “拼图”，
也就是只有大陆裂开形成的裂谷附近，
才会受到这种局部的剧烈活动的影响。
但今年的一项研究发现，
这种局部的“拼图行为”会在地球内部引发绵延不绝的“地幔波”，
进而影响到整个大陆的结构。
这种“地幔波”就像一只无限延伸的大手，
能把重的岩石“撕”掉，
留下轻的岩石，
这些轻岩随後会像气球一样浮起来，
形成高原。
还能引发一系列的其他地质现象，
比如促使大量钻石从地下爆发，
或者引发地震，
甚至可能是导致某些远古海洋生物灭绝的元凶。
这项发现看似离我们相当遥远，
但也可能间接影响到我们的生活，
比如，
当我们更深入地理解地球内部“隐藏世界”的波动时，
地震等地质灾害的预警就将会更加准确，
也能更好地寻找钻石或稀有矿石这样的地下宝藏，
带动矿业行业和相关经济领域。
第九项科学突破则来自我们的老熟人马斯克，
在今年10月的那次史无前例的“筷子夹火箭”。
其中“火箭”是指SpaceX可覆用的多级火箭“星舰飞船”，
它由两节或更多节的火箭堆叠组合在一起，
星舰飞船升空时，
位於下方，负责提供动力的那一节火箭会逐渐脱落。
而“筷子”指的则是发射塔上的机械臂，
在脱落的火箭部件以超音速坠落时，
这条机械臂成功从空中抓住了部件，
就像是“用筷子夹住了火箭”。
这个动作本身对火箭飞行控制系统的精度
和悬停能力要求就极高，
略有差池，
就可能导致火箭在发射塔上倾倒或爆炸，
因此“筷子夹火箭”的成功，
本就意味着一次史无前例的技术突破，
而被成功回收的火箭部件下次发射还能继续用，
这就直接节省了数十亿美元的成本。
现在，
SpaceX已经通过部分可覆用的火箭
将货物送入轨道的成本降低了大约10倍，
而如果“筷子夹火箭”技术能够进一步推广，
能够稳定、成功地回收越来越多的火箭部件，
甚至支持一艘完全可重覆使用的星际飞船，
届时，
马斯克的火星梦或许就真的离我们不远了。
最後一项技术突破，
来自对古人类亲属关系的研究。
科学家们通过从古代骨骼和牙齿中提取的DNA，
估测出了几千年前的人类的迁徙路线、饮食习惯和亲缘关系，
甚至为他们建立了长达八代的家谱。
这项技术对历史考据有着极大意义。
能帮助历史学家更清晰地了解社会结构文化的演变过程，
同时对古代DNA的研究
也能帮助生物学家更好地理解疾病的起源和演变，
为现代疾病预防的医学治疗策略提供新的线索。
以上就是世界顶刊Science
公布的2024年年度十大科学突破。
我们可以看到，
从医学到物理学，
从农业杀虫剂到太空飞船，
从人类起源到宇宙起源，
每一项研究都从不同领域，
以前所未有的创新方法打开了科学之门。
新的一年即将到来，
也期待能有更多的科学突破，
能为我们未来的生活和工作带来更好的改变。
2025，爱你爱我！
素材
总览：
长效HIV预防针剂
利用免疫细胞治疗自身免
韦伯望远镜探测宇宙起源
RNA杀虫剂
固氮细胞结构的发现
第三种永磁体的发现
多细胞体早在16亿年前就已出现
地幔波动塑造了我们生活的大陆
SpaceX“筷子夹火箭”
远古DNA揭示家族关系
2024 is drawing to a closeLet me take stock for you todayThis year's top ten scientific breakthroughsinThe seventh is a discovery by scientists from China.
The ninth was brought by our old acquaintance MuskSo let's start with this.
We're going to introduce the champions of scientific breakthroughsFrom humanity's official declaration of war on AIDSA long-acting AIDS prevention injectionTwo injections a year can almost 100% block HIV infectionFor a long timeAIDSIs an incurable serious infectious diseaseOnce infected, take medicine for lifeAnd it may still be due to the side effects of the drugOr complicationsCause deathThis is due toHIV is a single-stranded RNA virus.
Two days on average in the human body.
It will mutate into a nascent virusThis extremely high mutation rateAlso lead toThe development of AIDS drugs is extremely difficultThe current most effective blocking drugsIt needs to be taken within two hours of high-risk behaviorThe longer it takesThe lower the success rate of blockade
28 days in a rowIt has significant side effects on the human liver and kidneysNow Gilead, an American biopharmaceutical company.
Developed a method calledLenacapavir long-acting injection against HIVThe research team announced in June this yearIn AfricaWe conducted an observation experiment with more than 5,000 people.
It turned out thatAfter one injection of this drugIn half a yearReduce HIV infection to zeroIf this drug were to spreadThe greatest beneficiaryIt's those frontline personnel who are at risk of occupational exposureLike healthcare workers, drug cops, etcThe second breakthrough also came from the medical fieldFor lupus erythematosus, the so-called immortal cancerPreciselyLupus Erythematosus Rheumatoid ArthritisAnkylosing spondylitisautoimmune diseaseso-called selfimmune diseaseSimply put, it is to beat yourself upIt's supposed to protect the body's immune systemSudden rebellionStart attacking other organs of the body for no reasonExisting treatment methodsUsually suppresses the immune systemAlthough it suppresses the immune system's attackBut also lose the protection of the immune systemThe human body generates inevitable weaknessYou can't cure it.
But now German scientistsAdopted a method calledChimeric antigen receptor T cells (CAR-T)
The new treatmentWe can use immune cells to treat autoimmune diseases.
In clinical practiceEnabling patients to achieve the goal of cure or effective controlThe third scientific breakthrough comes from the sea of starsThe Webb Telescope launched by NASA in 2021
This year has gone far enoughMany galaxies from the beginning of the universe have been observedThese galaxies
1,000 times more than expected by astronomical theoryThis discoveryRewrote our understanding of the evolution of the early universeIt is of great significance for humans to explore the origin of the universeAnd the fourth scientific breakthrough is much more groundedAmerican company GreenLight BiosciencesTwo special pesticides have been developedOne is a spray based on RNA interference technologyGenetic design for specific pestsCan only accurately hit the targetLittle damage to the environment and other organismsThe other is genetically modified corn.
It's okay to eatPests eat and dieNow.
Many pests have developed resistance to pesticidesEvery year on a global scaleCause billions of dollars in crop damageAnd this new insecticidal methodIt's now approved by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
It is expected to greatly improve the current situationThe fifth scientific breakthroughWe need to keep our eyes open.
Put your eyes on the microscopic worldJust this year.
Scientists have discovered a completely new cellular structureIt's called nitro.
It is similar to the familiar mitochondriaChloroplastHave a specific shape in the cellStructural and functional microorgansOrganelles.
organelleThey're like little factories inside cells.
Different factories are responsible for different tasksFor exampleMitochondria are energy factories that produce energy.
Chloroplasts are solar panels that convert energy.
And nitro is a conversion factory.
Then the nitrogen in the air is fixedThen it is converted into ammonia needed for plant growthIn the current known evolutionary history of lifeThe appearance of each organelleMeans an evolution of lifeEmergence of a new organelle called nitrosomesIt may also affect the direction in which life on Earth evolvesIt may also make our lives betterearth-shaking changesFor example, if this nitrogen fixation mechanism of nitro matter isExtend to agricultureSo future cropsYou can no longer rely on external nitrogen fertilizersSelf-sufficient growthThe sixth scientific breakthroughIt comes from a concept that we're all pretty familiar with.
magneticFor a hundred yearsFerromagnets and AntiferromagnetsBoth are considered to be the only twopermanent magnetIt is a material that can remain magnetic for a long timeBut this yearScientists have discovered a third type of permanent magnetIt's called a staggered magnet.
Scientists believe thatThis brand new materialCan help us make more efficient computer hard drivesEven brand new "spintronic computers"
This kind of computer can use the electron's spinInstead of current to operateAllows for the storage and processing of informationMore compact and efficientIn addition to thatMagnetic materials are the core of the motor industryInvolving automobiles, home appliances, and rail transit electronic communicationsInformation equipment and other fieldsThe Discovery of Jiaozuo MagnetsNot only will it be for existing fieldsBring revolutionary new applicationsIt may also give rise to entirely new technological fieldsItem 7
It is a discovery made by our Chinese scientists.
Early this yearZhu Maoyan Team of Chinese Academy of SciencesAbout 1.64 billion years agoA fossil multicellular eukaryote has been discoveredSo-called eukaryotesIt includes all plants, animals and fungiEncapsulates DNA in the nucleusBiologists generally believe thatEukaryotes take the form of single cellsFor about 1 billion yearsAbout 1 billion years agoMulticellular eukaryotes began to emergeThis means thatThe beginning of the evolution of more complex organismsIn the evolutionary history of life on EarthA rather significant point in timeAnd now Chinese scientists have discoveredPushed the node forward 500 million yearsThis is the history of life on EarthUnlocked a new pageIt will also open up new possibilities for the medical fieldLike all cancers today.
It's essentially an uncontrolled growth of cells.
And understanding life at an early stageHow to develop from a single-celled organism to a multicellular organismHow do they cooperate and how do they differentiate?
New biological therapies will also be developed for scientistsProvide ideasThe eighth item is a geological studyFor a long timeScientists believe thatThe continents of the earthIt's like a big, slowly changing puzzle.
The forces of plate tectonics are constantly tearing and moving themEventually formed what is now the seven continents and eight oceansIn the past, scientists believed thatThe Earth will only be puzzled in local areasThat is, near the rift valley formed by the splitting of the continentsTo be affected by this localized intense activityBut a study this year found thatThis partial "puzzle behavior"
Will cause continuous "mantle waves" inside the earthAnd that in turn affects the structure of entire continentsThis "mantle wave" is like a huge hand that extends infinitelyCan tear off heavy rocksLeaving light rocks behindThese light rocks will then float up like balloonsForm a plateauIt can also trigger a series of other geological phenomenaFor example, causing a large number of diamonds to explode from the groundOr cause an earthquakeMaybe evenIs responsible for the extinction of some ancient marine lifeThis discovery seems rather distantBut it can also affect our lives indirectlyFor example, when we understand more deeplyWhen the fluctuations of the hidden world inside the earthEarthquakes and other geological disastersIt will be more accurateIt can also better search for diamonds or rare mineralsSuch an underground treasureDrive the mining industry and related economic sectorsThe ninth scientific breakthroughFrom our old acquaintanceMusk in October this yearUnprecedented "Chopsticks Clip Rocket"
Among them, rocketsRefers to SpaceX's reusable multi-stage rocket starship spacecraftIt's a stack of rockets with two or more knots.
Put togetherWhen the starship takes offThe section below that provides powerThe rocket will gradually fall offAnd "chopsticks" refers to the robotic arm on the launch towerWhen the falling rocket parts fall at supersonic speedsThis robotic arm?
Successfully grabbed the part from the airIt's like clipping a rocket with "chopsticks"
The action itselfThe accuracy of the rocket flight control systemAnd hover abilityIt's incredibly demanding.
Slight difference poolCould cause the rocket to fall on the launch towerOr explode thereforeThe success of chopsticks clipping rocketsIt would have meant an unprecedented technological breakthroughRocket parts that were successfully recoveredCan continue to be used in the next launchThis has directly saved billions of dollars in costsNow SpaceX has passed through a partially reusable rocketThe cost of putting cargo into orbitReduced by about 10 timesAnd if
"Chopsticks" clip rocket technology can be further promotedCan be stableSuccessfully recovering more and more rocket partsevenSupport for a fully reusable starshipMusk's dream of MarsMaybe it's really not far from usThe last technological breakthroughFrom the study of ancient human kinshipScientistsDNA extracted from ancient bones and teethEstimated human migration routes thousands of years agoEating habits and kinshipThey even have an eight-generation family tree.
This technology has tremendous implications for the study of historyCan help historiansA clearer understanding of social structureThe process of cultural evolutionAnd the study of ancient DNAIt also helps biologists.
To better understand the origin and evolution of diseasesMedical treatment strategies for modern disease preventionProvide new cluesThis is the world's top science magazineThe top 10 scientific breakthroughs announced for 2024
We can seeFrom medicine to physicsFrom agricultural pesticides to spaceshipsFrom the Origin of Man to the Origin of the UniverseEach study is conducted from a different fieldIn an unprecedented and innovative wayOpen the door to scienceThe new year is comingI'm looking forward to more scientific breakthroughs.
For our future life and workBring about better change
2025 Love Me
中文报道
https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzI3NDY3NzQ2Mg==&mid=2247521683&idx=1&sn=67d47a82f96c03c94907175bec80d921&scene=21#wechat_redirectscience官网
https://www.science.org/content/article/breakthrough-2024#section_car-t-therapy
硝基体
https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/o9oKkdKbY8oBMhT1vcAnow
永磁体
https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/19nxHlSdEicos7MpI9Ig7g
今天来为大家盘点一下这一年的十大科学突破。
其中第7个是来自中国科学家的发现，
第9个是我们的老熟人马斯克带来的。
首先我们要介绍的是科技突破的冠军奖项，
来自人类向艾滋病的正式宣战——
一种长效艾滋病预防针剂。
一年两针，
就几乎能100%阻断HIV感染。
长久以来，
艾滋病都是一种不可治愈的严重传染病，
一经感染就要终生服药，
而且仍然可能会因为
药物的副作用或并发症
导致死亡。
这是由於艾滋病毒是一种单链RNA病毒，
在人体内平均2天就会变异为新生病毒，
这种极高的变异率
也导致艾滋病治疗药物的研发难度极大。
当前最有效的阻断药，
需要在高危行为後的2小时内服用，
时间越长
阻断成功率越低，
还要连吃28天，
对人体肝脏和肾脏产生不小的副作用。
而现在，
美国生物制药公司吉利德研发出了一种
名为lenacapavir的抗HIV长效注射剂。
研究团队於今年6月在非洲开展了一项
超过5000人的观察实验，
结果发现，
这种药物注射一次後，
就能在半年内将艾滋病毒的感染力降至0。
如果这种药物推广开来，
最大的受益人就是那些
有职业暴露风险的一线人员，
比如医护人员、缉毒警察等等。
第二项突破同样来自医学领域，
针对的是号称“不死癌症”的红斑狼疮。
准确的说，
是以红斑狼疮、类风湿性关节炎、
强直性脊柱炎为代表的
自身免疫性疾病。
所谓“自身免疫性疾病”简单来说就是“自己打自己”，
本来负责保护身体的免疫系统突然造反，
开始毫无理由地攻击身体其他器官。
现有的治疗方法通常是以抑制免疫系统为主，
虽然抑制了免疫系统的攻击，
但也同时失去了免疫系统的保护，
人体会产生无可避免的虚弱，
也无法完全治愈这类疾病。
但现在
德国科学家采用了一种名为
嵌合抗原受体T细胞（CAR-T）的新疗法，
能够利用免疫细胞治疗自身免疫疾病，
在临床上使患者达到“治愈”或者“有效控制”的目标。
第三项科技突破来自星辰大海，
2021年NASA发射的韦伯望远镜，
今年已经走到了足够远的地方，
观察到了很多宇宙诞生之初的星系。
这些星系比天文学理论预估的要多1000倍，
这一发现改写了人们对於早期宇宙演化的认知，
对於人类探索宇宙起源有极大的意义。
而第四项科学突破就接地气多了，
美国公司GreenLight Biosciences
研发出了两种特殊的“杀虫剂”，
一种是基於RNA干扰技术的喷雾剂，
针对特定害虫的基因进行设计，
能做到只精准打击目标，
几乎不损伤环境和其他生物。
另一种则是转基因玉米，
人吃了没事，
害虫吃了就死。
现在，很多害虫已经对杀虫剂产生了抗性，
每年在全球范围内造成数十亿美元的农作物损失。
而这种新型杀虫方法
现在已经被美国国家环境保护局（EPA）批准，
预计将对现状产生极大改善。
第五项科学突破需要我们睁大眼睛，
将视线投入微观世界。
就在今年，
科学家发现了一种全新的细胞结构，
叫做硝基体（Nitroplast），
它与我们熟悉的线粒体、叶绿体一样，
都是细胞中具有特定形态结构和功能的微器官，
学名叫“细胞器”。
细胞器就像是细胞内部的一个个小工厂，
不同工厂负责不同的工作。
打个比方，
线粒体是负责生产能量的“能量工厂”，
叶绿体是转化能量的“太阳能电池板”，
而硝基体就是一座“转化工厂”，
负责将空气中的氮固定下来，
然後转化为植物生长所需的氨。
在当前已知的生命演化史中，
每一种细胞器的出现
都意味着生命的一次进化，
硝基体这一全新的细胞器的出现，
或许也将影响地球生命演化的方向，
还可能使我们的生活发生翻天覆地的变化。
比如，如果将硝基体的这种“固氮机制”推广到农业领域，
那麽未来的农作物就可以不再依赖外部的氮肥，
自给自足地生长。
第六项科学突破
来自我们生活中相当熟悉的一个概念——磁。
比如我每到世界各地都会购买的冰箱贴，
贴满了整整一个大冰箱，
它在物理学上属於“铁磁体”，
这种磁体内部的电子自旋整齐划一，
就像一个排列整齐的队伍，
队员们全都指向同一个方向，
因此也就产生了强大的磁场，
这就是铁磁体能吸住金属的原因。
另一种能长期保持磁性的材料叫做“反铁磁体”，
它的电子队伍不断自旋，
队员们指向的方向也是一半向上，一半向下，
结果就是彼此抵消，相互对抗，
对外看起来不具有磁性，
但却拥有内部磁场。
这种特性使得反铁磁体常常被应用於
数据存储、微波器件和量子计算等领域，
比如自旋扭矩振荡器、二极管等等。
百年以来，
铁磁体和反铁磁体都被认为是唯二的两种永磁体，
就是“能长期保持磁性的材料”。
但在今年，
科学家们发现了第三种永磁体，交错磁体（Altermagnet）。
这种材料的电子队伍既不整齐划一，也不互相抵抗，
而像是一群舞者，
每个舞者都按照自己的节奏来跳舞，
这就使得它产生了一种独特的强自旋现象。
普通状态下，
交错磁体看起来和反铁磁体一样没有外部磁场，
但当电流通过时，
它又像铁磁体那样拥有强大的磁场。
科学家们认为，这种全新的材料
能帮助我们制造更高效的计算机硬盘，
甚至是全新的“自旋电子计算机”，
这种计算机能利用电子的自旋
而非电流来进行运算，
能让信息的存储和处理更加紧凑和高效。
除此之外，
磁性材料本就是电机行业的核心，
涉及汽车、家电、轨道交通、电子信息设备等多个领域，
交错磁体的发现
不仅将为已有领域带来革命性的新应用，
还可能催生全新的技术领域。
第七项来自中国科学家的一项发现，
今年年初，
中国科学院的朱茂炎团队
在距今约16.4亿年前的地层中
发现了一种多细胞真核生物化石。
所谓真核生物是包括所有植物、动物和真菌在内的
将DNA封装在细胞核内的生物。
科学家们通常认为，
真核生物以单个细胞的形式存在了约10亿年，
而在距今大概10亿年前，
多细胞体的真核生物开始出现，
这意味着更加覆杂的生物体演化的开始，
也是整个地球的生命进化史中
一个相当重要的时间节点。
而现在，
中国科学家的发现将这个节点往前推了5亿年，
这既为地球生命的历史解开了新的一页，
也将为医学领域提供新的可能。
比如现在所有的癌症，
本质上都是一种细胞失控生长的现象，
而理解生命在早期阶段
如何从单细胞生物
发展到多细胞生物，
多细胞之间又是如何协作、如何分化，
也将为科学家开发新型的生物疗法提供思路。
第八项是一项地质学研究。
长久以来，
科学家认为地球上的大陆
就像一个巨大而缓慢变化的拼图，
板块构造的力量不停撕裂和移动它们，
最终形成了现在的七大洲八大洋。
在过去，
科学家们认为地球只会在局部地区进行 “拼图”，
也就是只有大陆裂开形成的裂谷附近，
才会受到这种局部的剧烈活动的影响。
但今年的一项研究发现，
这种局部的“拼图行为”会在地球内部引发绵延不绝的“地幔波”，
进而影响到整个大陆的结构。
这种“地幔波”就像一只无限延伸的大手，
能把重的岩石“撕”掉，
留下轻的岩石，
这些轻岩随後会像气球一样浮起来，
形成高原。
还能引发一系列的其他地质现象，
比如促使大量钻石从地下爆发，
或者引发地震，
甚至可能是导致某些远古海洋生物灭绝的元凶。
这项发现看似离我们相当遥远，
但也可能间接影响到我们的生活，
比如，
当我们更深入地理解地球内部“隐藏世界”的波动时，
地震等地质灾害的预警就将会更加准确，
也能更好地寻找钻石或稀有矿石这样的地下宝藏，
带动矿业行业和相关经济领域。
第九项科学突破则来自我们的老熟人马斯克，
在今年10月的那次史无前例的“筷子夹火箭”。
其中“火箭”是指SpaceX可覆用的多级火箭“星舰飞船”，
它由两节或更多节的火箭堆叠组合在一起，
星舰飞船升空时，
位於下方，负责提供动力的那一节火箭会逐渐脱落。
而“筷子”指的则是发射塔上的机械臂，
在脱落的火箭部件以超音速坠落时，
这条机械臂成功从空中抓住了部件，
就像是“用筷子夹住了火箭”。
这个动作本身对火箭飞行控制系统的精度
和悬停能力要求就极高，
略有差池，
就可能导致火箭在发射塔上倾倒或爆炸，
因此“筷子夹火箭”的成功，
本就意味着一次史无前例的技术突破，
而被成功回收的火箭部件下次发射还能继续用，
这就直接节省了数十亿美元的成本。
现在，
SpaceX已经通过部分可覆用的火箭
将货物送入轨道的成本降低了大约10倍，
而如果“筷子夹火箭”技术能够进一步推广，
能够稳定、成功地回收越来越多的火箭部件，
甚至支持一艘完全可重覆使用的星际飞船，
届时，
马斯克的火星梦或许就真的离我们不远了。
最後一项技术突破，
来自对古人类亲属关系的研究。
科学家们通过从古代骨骼和牙齿中提取的DNA，
估测出了几千年前的人类的迁徙路线、饮食习惯和亲缘关系，
甚至为他们建立了长达八代的家谱。
这项技术对历史考据有着极大意义。
能帮助历史学家更清晰地了解社会结构文化的演变过程，
同时对古代DNA的研究
也能帮助生物学家更好地理解疾病的起源和演变，
为现代疾病预防的医学治疗策略提供新的线索。
以上就是世界顶刊Science
公布的2024年年度十大科学突破。
我们可以看到，
从医学到物理学，
从农业杀虫剂到太空飞船，
从人类起源到宇宙起源，
每一项研究都从不同领域，
以前所未有的创新方法打开了科学之门。
新的一年即将到来，
也期待能有更多的科学突破，
能为我们未来的生活和工作带来更好的改变。
2025，爱你爱我！
素材
总览：
长效HIV预防针剂
利用免疫细胞治疗自身免
韦伯望远镜探测宇宙起源
RNA杀虫剂
固氮细胞结构的发现
第三种永磁体的发现
多细胞体早在16亿年前就已出现
地幔波动塑造了我们生活的大陆
SpaceX“筷子夹火箭”
远古DNA揭示家族关系
2024 is drawing to a closeLet me take stock for you todayThis year's top ten scientific breakthroughsinThe seventh is a discovery by scientists from China.
The ninth was brought by our old acquaintance MuskSo let's start with this.
We're going to introduce the champions of scientific breakthroughsFrom humanity's official declaration of war on AIDSA long-acting AIDS prevention injectionTwo injections a year can almost 100% block HIV infectionFor a long timeAIDSIs an incurable serious infectious diseaseOnce infected, take medicine for lifeAnd it may still be due to the side effects of the drugOr complicationsCause deathThis is due toHIV is a single-stranded RNA virus.
Two days on average in the human body.
It will mutate into a nascent virusThis extremely high mutation rateAlso lead toThe development of AIDS drugs is extremely difficultThe current most effective blocking drugsIt needs to be taken within two hours of high-risk behaviorThe longer it takesThe lower the success rate of blockade
28 days in a rowIt has significant side effects on the human liver and kidneysNow Gilead, an American biopharmaceutical company.
Developed a method calledLenacapavir long-acting injection against HIVThe research team announced in June this yearIn AfricaWe conducted an observation experiment with more than 5,000 people.
It turned out thatAfter one injection of this drugIn half a yearReduce HIV infection to zeroIf this drug were to spreadThe greatest beneficiaryIt's those frontline personnel who are at risk of occupational exposureLike healthcare workers, drug cops, etcThe second breakthrough also came from the medical fieldFor lupus erythematosus, the so-called immortal cancerPreciselyLupus Erythematosus Rheumatoid ArthritisAnkylosing spondylitisautoimmune diseaseso-called selfimmune diseaseSimply put, it is to beat yourself upIt's supposed to protect the body's immune systemSudden rebellionStart attacking other organs of the body for no reasonExisting treatment methodsUsually suppresses the immune systemAlthough it suppresses the immune system's attackBut also lose the protection of the immune systemThe human body generates inevitable weaknessYou can't cure it.
But now German scientistsAdopted a method calledChimeric antigen receptor T cells (CAR-T)
The new treatmentWe can use immune cells to treat autoimmune diseases.
In clinical practiceEnabling patients to achieve the goal of cure or effective controlThe third scientific breakthrough comes from the sea of starsThe Webb Telescope launched by NASA in 2021
This year has gone far enoughMany galaxies from the beginning of the universe have been observedThese galaxies
1,000 times more than expected by astronomical theoryThis discoveryRewrote our understanding of the evolution of the early universeIt is of great significance for humans to explore the origin of the universeAnd the fourth scientific breakthrough is much more groundedAmerican company GreenLight BiosciencesTwo special pesticides have been developedOne is a spray based on RNA interference technologyGenetic design for specific pestsCan only accurately hit the targetLittle damage to the environment and other organismsThe other is genetically modified corn.
It's okay to eatPests eat and dieNow.
Many pests have developed resistance to pesticidesEvery year on a global scaleCause billions of dollars in crop damageAnd this new insecticidal methodIt's now approved by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
It is expected to greatly improve the current situationThe fifth scientific breakthroughWe need to keep our eyes open.
Put your eyes on the microscopic worldJust this year.
Scientists have discovered a completely new cellular structureIt's called nitro.
It is similar to the familiar mitochondriaChloroplastHave a specific shape in the cellStructural and functional microorgansOrganelles.
organelleThey're like little factories inside cells.
Different factories are responsible for different tasksFor exampleMitochondria are energy factories that produce energy.
Chloroplasts are solar panels that convert energy.
And nitro is a conversion factory.
Then the nitrogen in the air is fixedThen it is converted into ammonia needed for plant growthIn the current known evolutionary history of lifeThe appearance of each organelleMeans an evolution of lifeEmergence of a new organelle called nitrosomesIt may also affect the direction in which life on Earth evolvesIt may also make our lives betterearth-shaking changesFor example, if this nitrogen fixation mechanism of nitro matter isExtend to agricultureSo future cropsYou can no longer rely on external nitrogen fertilizersSelf-sufficient growthThe sixth scientific breakthroughIt comes from a concept that we're all pretty familiar with.
magneticFor a hundred yearsFerromagnets and AntiferromagnetsBoth are considered to be the only twopermanent magnetIt is a material that can remain magnetic for a long timeBut this yearScientists have discovered a third type of permanent magnetIt's called a staggered magnet.
Scientists believe thatThis brand new materialCan help us make more efficient computer hard drivesEven brand new "spintronic computers"
This kind of computer can use the electron's spinInstead of current to operateAllows for the storage and processing of informationMore compact and efficientIn addition to thatMagnetic materials are the core of the motor industryInvolving automobiles, home appliances, and rail transit electronic communicationsInformation equipment and other fieldsThe Discovery of Jiaozuo MagnetsNot only will it be for existing fieldsBring revolutionary new applicationsIt may also give rise to entirely new technological fieldsItem 7
It is a discovery made by our Chinese scientists.
Early this yearZhu Maoyan Team of Chinese Academy of SciencesAbout 1.64 billion years agoA fossil multicellular eukaryote has been discoveredSo-called eukaryotesIt includes all plants, animals and fungiEncapsulates DNA in the nucleusBiologists generally believe thatEukaryotes take the form of single cellsFor about 1 billion yearsAbout 1 billion years agoMulticellular eukaryotes began to emergeThis means thatThe beginning of the evolution of more complex organismsIn the evolutionary history of life on EarthA rather significant point in timeAnd now Chinese scientists have discoveredPushed the node forward 500 million yearsThis is the history of life on EarthUnlocked a new pageIt will also open up new possibilities for the medical fieldLike all cancers today.
It's essentially an uncontrolled growth of cells.
And understanding life at an early stageHow to develop from a single-celled organism to a multicellular organismHow do they cooperate and how do they differentiate?
New biological therapies will also be developed for scientistsProvide ideasThe eighth item is a geological studyFor a long timeScientists believe thatThe continents of the earthIt's like a big, slowly changing puzzle.
The forces of plate tectonics are constantly tearing and moving themEventually formed what is now the seven continents and eight oceansIn the past, scientists believed thatThe Earth will only be puzzled in local areasThat is, near the rift valley formed by the splitting of the continentsTo be affected by this localized intense activityBut a study this year found thatThis partial "puzzle behavior"
Will cause continuous "mantle waves" inside the earthAnd that in turn affects the structure of entire continentsThis "mantle wave" is like a huge hand that extends infinitelyCan tear off heavy rocksLeaving light rocks behindThese light rocks will then float up like balloonsForm a plateauIt can also trigger a series of other geological phenomenaFor example, causing a large number of diamonds to explode from the groundOr cause an earthquakeMaybe evenIs responsible for the extinction of some ancient marine lifeThis discovery seems rather distantBut it can also affect our lives indirectlyFor example, when we understand more deeplyWhen the fluctuations of the hidden world inside the earthEarthquakes and other geological disastersIt will be more accurateIt can also better search for diamonds or rare mineralsSuch an underground treasureDrive the mining industry and related economic sectorsThe ninth scientific breakthroughFrom our old acquaintanceMusk in October this yearUnprecedented "Chopsticks Clip Rocket"
Among them, rocketsRefers to SpaceX's reusable multi-stage rocket starship spacecraftIt's a stack of rockets with two or more knots.
Put togetherWhen the starship takes offThe section below that provides powerThe rocket will gradually fall offAnd "chopsticks" refers to the robotic arm on the launch towerWhen the falling rocket parts fall at supersonic speedsThis robotic arm?
Successfully grabbed the part from the airIt's like clipping a rocket with "chopsticks"
The action itselfThe accuracy of the rocket flight control systemAnd hover abilityIt's incredibly demanding.
Slight difference poolCould cause the rocket to fall on the launch towerOr explode thereforeThe success of chopsticks clipping rocketsIt would have meant an unprecedented technological breakthroughRocket parts that were successfully recoveredCan continue to be used in the next launchThis has directly saved billions of dollars in costsNow SpaceX has passed through a partially reusable rocketThe cost of putting cargo into orbitReduced by about 10 timesAnd if
"Chopsticks" clip rocket technology can be further promotedCan be stableSuccessfully recovering more and more rocket partsevenSupport for a fully reusable starshipMusk's dream of MarsMaybe it's really not far from usThe last technological breakthroughFrom the study of ancient human kinshipScientistsDNA extracted from ancient bones and teethEstimated human migration routes thousands of years agoEating habits and kinshipThey even have an eight-generation family tree.
This technology has tremendous implications for the study of historyCan help historiansA clearer understanding of social structureThe process of cultural evolutionAnd the study of ancient DNAIt also helps biologists.
To better understand the origin and evolution of diseasesMedical treatment strategies for modern disease preventionProvide new cluesThis is the world's top science magazineThe top 10 scientific breakthroughs announced for 2024
We can seeFrom medicine to physicsFrom agricultural pesticides to spaceshipsFrom the Origin of Man to the Origin of the UniverseEach study is conducted from a different fieldIn an unprecedented and innovative wayOpen the door to scienceThe new year is comingI'm looking forward to more scientific breakthroughs.
For our future life and workBring about better change
2025 Love Me
中文报道
https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzI3NDY3NzQ2Mg==&mid=2247521683&idx=1&sn=67d47a82f96c03c94907175bec80d921&scene=21#wechat_redirectscience官网
https://www.science.org/content/article/breakthrough-2024#section_car-t-therapy
硝基体
https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/o9oKkdKbY8oBMhT1vcAnow
永磁体
https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/19nxHlSdEicos7MpI9Ig7g